Structural basis of the functional development of the retina in the cichlid Tilapia leucosticta (teleostei)

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Abstract
The differentiation of retinal cells has been studied with special reference to the formation of functionally important structures. Three phases could be revealed: from day 3 to day 6 retinal cells in the mostly advanced central part show signs of general cell differentiation (formation of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). In the second phase from day 6 to day 9 characteristic nerve cell structures appear (neurites, dendrites, synapses, receptor outer and inner segments). In the last phase from day 9 to day 12 these special structures attain their final, mature appearance, synapses seem ready for function, dendritic invaginations and synaptic ribbons are formed, twin cones become arranged in mosaic patterns. This developmental order conforms to a gradient running from the ganglion cells to the receptors. Neurites and dendrites appear in the ganglion cells on day 3, in the intermediate neuron layer not before day 4. The horizontal cells are the last ones to differentiate out of the intermediate neurons. The inner plexiform layer synapses are structurally mature before those from the outer plexiform layer. The receptor inner and outer segments differentiate from the 5th day up to the time the young fish is able to see (day 13). The last structures to appear are dendritic invaginations and synaptic ribbons in the receptor terminals, and the twin cone mosaic. It is assumed that the ability to see is achieved only when these structures have been formed.