Computational Study of Ketosteroid Isomerase: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Enzyme Bound Substrate and Intermediate

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Abstract
Δ5-3-Ketosteroid Isomerase (KSI) catalyzes the isomerization of 5,6-unsaturated ketosteroids to their 4,5-unsaturated isomers at a rate approaching the diffusion limit. The isomerization reaction follows a two-step general acid−base mechanism starting with Asp38-CO2- mediated proton abstraction from a sp3-hybridized carbon atom, α to carbonyl group, providing a dienolate intermediate. In the second step, Asp38-CO2H protonates the C6 of the intermediate providing a 4,5-unsaturated ketosteroid. The details of the mechanism have been highly controversial despite several experimental and computational studies of this enzyme. The general acid−base catalysis has been proposed to involve either a catalytic diad or a cooperative hydrogen bond mechanism. In this paper, we report our results from the 1.5 nanosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of enzyme bound natural substrate (E·S) and enzyme bound intermediate (E·In) solvated in a TIP3P water box. The final coordinates from our MD simulation strongly support the cooperative hydrogen bond mechanism. The MD simulation of E·S and E·In shows that both Tyr14 and Asp99 are hydrogen bonded to the O3 of the substrate or intermediate. The average hydrogen bonding distance between Tyr14-OH and O3 becomes shorter and exhibits less fluctuation on E·S → E·In. We also observe dynamic motions of water moving in and out of the active site in the E·S structures. This free movement of water disappears in the E·In structures. The active site is shielded by hydrophobic residues, which come together and squeeze out the waters from the active site in the E·In complex.

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