Orthogonalized operators for the ƒ shell

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Abstract
Orthogonalized operators are introduced in the atomic configurations fN in order to yield parameters that are more precisely defined and more stable than the conventional ones. Of the four Racah operators e0, e1, e2, and e3, only e1 needs adjusting. The set of two-electron scalars is made complete by the generalized Trees operators eα′, eβ′, and eγ′. Of the three-electron scalars ti, only t2 requires alteration. The theory is illustrated for f3 by adding the orthogonalized operators in successive steps and comparing the fits with those obtained if the conventional operators are used.

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