Evaluating the Risk of Liver Cancer in Humans Exposed to Trichloroethylene Using Physiological Models

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Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread environmental pollutant. TCE is classified as a rodent carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Using the rodent cancer bioassay findings and estimates of metabolized dose, the EPA has estimated lifetime exposure cancer risks for humans that ingest TCE in drinking water or inhale TCE. In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB‐PK) model for mice was used to simulate selected gavage and inhalation bioassays with TCE. Plausible dose‐metrics thought to be linked with the mechanism of action for TCE carcinogenesis were selected. These dose‐metrics, adjusted to reflect an average amount per day for a lifetime, were metabolism of TCE (AMET, mg/kg/day) and systemic concentration of TCA (AUCTCA, mg/L/day). These dose‐metrics were then used in a linearized multistage model to estimate AMET and AUCTCA values that correspond to liver cancer risks of 1 in 1 million in mice. A human PB‐PK model for TCE was then used to predict TCE concentrations in drinking water and air that would provide AMET and AUCTCA values equal to the predicted mice AMET and AUCTCA values that correspond to liver cancer risks of 1 in 1 million. For the dose‐metrics, AMET and AUCTCA, the TCE concentrations in air were 10.0 and 0.1 ppb TCE (continuous exposure), respectively, and in water, 7 and 4 μg TCE/L, respectively.