Protective Effect of Soybean Saponins and Major Antioxidants Against Aflatoxin B1-Induced Mutagenicity and DNA-Adduct Formation

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Abstract
Saponins from various plant sources have been suggested as possible anticarcinogens. Major dietary sources of saponins include legumes such as soybeans. This study was performed to determine the effect of soybean saponins on aflatoxin B1(AFB1)-induced mutagenicity and AFB1-DNA adduct formation using Salmonella typhimurium and human liver hepatoma (HepG2) cells, respectively. Major antioxidants including L-ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, all-trans-retinol, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), previously reported to possess antimutagenic activity, were used as test materials to evaluate the relative effectiveness of saponins. Results indicated antimutagenicity was in the order of BHT > saponins > α-tocopherol > L-ascorbic acid. Soybean saponins exerted a significant effect, inhibiting the mutagenicity of AFB1 by 52%, 64%, and 81% at concentrations of 600, 900, and 1,200 μg per plate, respectively. The amount of tritiated AFB1 metabolites—DNA adducts formed in HepG2 cells was significantly reduced when cells were preincubated with 10 or 30 μg/ml of test materials. Soybean saponins inhibited AFB1-DNA adduct formation by 50.1% at a concentration of 30 μg/ml, whereas L-ascorbic acid and BHT reduced adduct formation by 38.4% and 32.6%, respectively, at the same concentrations. These results indicate that soybean saponins possess not only a significant antimutagenic activity but a strong inhibitory action against carcinogen-induced DNA damages. Soybean saponins possibly block the initiation stage of carcinogenesis, and further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of action.