Hall Effect Modulators and ``Gyrators'' Employing Magnetic Field Independent Orientations in Germanium

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Abstract
Three uses for the Hall effect in germanium crystals are described. These are (1) use of Hall effect probes in measuring magnetic flux, (2) use of Hall effect in crystals to produce a pure product modulator, and (3) use of Hall effect in germanium crystals to produce a nonreciprocal transmission. If the resistances are shunted around such gyrators, the transmission can be made zero in one direction and finite in the other. In all these applications, use is made of a crystal orientation for which the cross magneto‐resistance effects are zero and the Hall effect constant does not vary with field by more than 2 percent out to a flux density of 20 000 gausses. This orientation was located by making a phenomenological study of the magneto‐resistance and Hall effect corrections for a cubic crystal and evaluating constants experimentally. Correction terms to fourth and fifth powers of the magnetic field have been obtained.