Pupil functions for aberration correction in 3D microscopy

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Abstract
When a confocal fluorescence microscope with a high numerical aperture oil immersion objective is focused deep into an aqueous medium, aberrations result which weaken and blur the observed image. We have designed, fabricated and tested a two-level binary phase mask which partially corrects these aberrations, improving image brightness and resolution. A four- level mask was also designed, fabricated and tested with further brightness and resolution improvement. The mask designs and simulated and measured results are presented in this paper.

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