The Arrhythmias of Dual-Chamber Cardiac Pacemakers and Their Management

Abstract
The field of cardiac pacing has developed exponentially in the past several years. The widespread use of atrioventricular synchronous pacemakers has resulted in the recognition of several types of pacemaker-associated arrhythmias. Certain of these arrhythmias follow asynchronous stimulation of either cardiac chamber; others are the result of the artificial bypass tract created with dual-chamber sensing and pacing. All the arrhythmias, however, are associated with normal pacemaker function.