Chronic Blockade of the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Subtype Leads to Obesity Independently of Neuropeptide Y Action, with No Adverse Effects on the Gonadotropic and Somatotropic Axes

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Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful orexigenic factor, and aMSH is a melanocortin (MC) peptide that induces satiety by activating the MC4 receptor subtype. Genetic models with disruption of MC4 re- ceptor signaling are associated with obesity. In the present study, a 7-day intracerebroventricular infusion to male rats of either the MC receptor antagonist SHU9119 or porcine NPY (10 nmol/day) was shown to strongly stimulate food and water intake and to markedly increase fat pad mass. Very high plasma leptin levels were found in NPY-treated rats (27.1 6 1.8 ng/ml compared with 9.9 6 0.9 ng/ml in SHU9119-treated animals and 2.1 6 0.2 ng/ml in controls). As ex- pected, NPY infusion induced hypogonadism, characterized by an impressive decrease in seminal vesicle and prostate weights. No such effects were seen with the SHU9119 infusion. Similarly, whereas the somatotropic axis of NPY-treated rats was fully inhibited, this axis was normally activated in the obese SHU9119-treated rats. Chronic infusion of SHU9119 strikingly reduced hypothalamic gene expres- sion for NPY (65.2 6 3.6% of controls), whereas gene expression for POMC was increased (170 6 19%). NPY infusion decreased hypo- thalamic gene expression for both POMC and NPY (70 6 9% and 75.4 6 9.5%, respectively). In summary, blockade of the MC4 receptor subtype by SHU9119 was able to generate an obesity syndrome with no apparent side-effects on the reproductive and somatotropic axes. In this situation, it is unlikely that hyperphagia was driven by in- creased NPY release, because hypothalamic NPY gene expression was markedly reduced, suggesting that hyperphagia mainly resulted from loss of the satiety signal driven by MC peptides. NPY infusion produced hypogonadism and hyposomatotropism in the face of mark- edly elevated plasma leptin levels and an important reduction in hypothalamic POMC synthesis. In this situation NPY probably acted both by exacerbating food intake through Y receptors and by reducing the satiety signal driven by MC peptides. (Endocrinology 141: 4419 - 4427, 2000)

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