1H NMR studies of urine from premature and sick babies

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Abstract
High-frequency proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been applied to a study of urine from premature and sick newborn babies with a variety of clinical disorders. These included severe birth asphyxia, necrotizing enterocolitis, ketosis, and drug treatment. Abnormal levels of metabolites such as lactate, ketone bodies, betaine, dicarboxylic acids, and 4-hydroxyphenolic acids were detected, as was the antibiotic metronidazole and one of its metabolites. The assignment of betaine was confirmed by two dimensional 1H NMR studies of urine obtained from two adults with homocystinuria receiving treatment with oral betaine. High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy of urine is a potentially useful research technique for monitoring metabolism during early life.