Refractive Effects in Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere with Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy

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Abstract
A ray-tracing technique is used to study the effects of atmospheric refraction on the computed air mass and the single layer effective pressure for a grazing lay from the sun. Results indicate that neglecting refraction in the computation of air mass and effective pressure can lead to overestimates of these quantities by up to 25% for aircraft observers, 60% for high altitude balloons, and 200% for satellite observers.