Rubber models of yarns and cords; the `doubling' of single rods

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Abstract
The paper is concerned with the calculation and measurement of the stresses involved in the twisting together of two cylindrical rubber rods, which may be taken as a model of a two-ply cord. Two cases were examined: in the first the rods are initially without twist, while in the second they contain initial twist. The forces measured are the couple about the `cord' axis and the tension along this axis, as functions of `cord' twist and `cord' axial extension. The forces are calculated on the basis of Rivlin's equations for the stresses in a rubber cylinder subjected to combined axial extension and torsion, corrections being introduced for the effects of lateral pressure between `plies' on the tensile force, the non-circularity of section resulting from this lateral pressure on the couple due to torsion and bending, and for the effect of torsion on the bending couple. For the case of zero initial twist in the rods the agreement between calculated and observed forces is good. When initial twist is present, however, there are significant differences, which are not fully understood.

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