Designed polyanionic coiled‐coil proteins: acceleration of heparin cofactor II inhibition of thrombin

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Abstract
Novel polyanionic proteins were designed to increase the rate of heparin cofactor II (HC) inhibition of alpha-thrombin, an essential protease in the coagulation cascade. Two alpha-helical coiled-coil proteins, a 62-residue dimer containing 8 Glu residues (E8C) and a 104-residue dimer containing 14 Glu residues (E14C), plus two 31-residue control peptides containing 8 Glu residues each (E8A and E8B), were chemically synthesized, structurally characterized and enzymatically assayed. Circular dichroic spectrophotometry indicated that both E8C and E14C formed stable two-chain alpha-helical coiled coils at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. The control peptides were only partially alpha-helical. E14C remained folded at 90 degrees C but E8C was half unfolded at 49 degrees C. Coiled-coil proteins E8C and E14C maximally accelerated by 35- and 33-fold, respectively, the rate of HC inhibition of alpha-thrombin. None of these compounds accelerated antithrombin inhibition of alpha-thrombin, and neither control peptide accelerated HC inhibition of alpha-thrombin. Acceleration of the HC inhibition of alpha-thrombin showed bimodal dependence on the concentration of the polyanionic protein, which is consistent with formation of a HC-coiled-coil-thrombin ternary complex. The results suggest that antithrombotic polyanionic alpha-helical coiled-coil proteins can be designed and synthesized and that the occurrence of secondary structure can be correlated with biological activity.