The design of observer agreement studies with binary assessments

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Abstract
We discuss the design of observer agreement studies with binary assessments, with particular emphasis on the need for adequate sample size and the use of replicate observations. First, we present a method and tables for determining the sample size required for ensuring a desired precision for the estimate of the probability of disagreement between two observers. Second, for studies including replicate observations, we present a statistical model that allows estimation of the magnitude of within‐ and between‐observer variation. We then derive sample sizes guaranteeing a specified precision for these estimates, present tables of these sample sizes and give examples of their use.