The response of pinned flux vortices to low-frequency fields

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Abstract
The susceptibility of type II superconductors in low-frequency alternating current fields has been measured using a phase sensitive detector. Penetrations of magnetic field of between 300 Å and 500 μm can be measured and if it is assumed that a critical state exists the field profile across the specimen can be plotted on this scale. The response is linear at low amplitude and is consistent with a model based on the reversible oscillation of vortices in harmonic wells. It is not consistent with the signal predicted from `flux creep'. The effective potential wells are found to be harmonic up to their edges and only about 25 Å in radius. The resolution is sufficient to show that the surface current is not a critical state, but can be described by a single row of vortices pinned by the boundary of the specimen.

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