Regulatory region variability in the human presenilin-2 (PSEN2) gene: potential contribution to the gene activity and risk for AD

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Abstract
We have analyzed the 5′-upstream promoter region of the presenilin 2 gene (PSEN2) for regulatory elements and examined Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and non-demented individuals for polymorphisms in the 5′ upstream promoter region of the PSEN2 gene. Direct sequencing analysis detected a common single adenine (A) nucleotide deletion polymorphism in the upstream promoter region of the PSEN2 gene. Examination of cohorts of AD patients and age-matched control individuals revealed no statistically significant differences in the frequency of this polymorphism when compared with the total sample of AD patients and control individuals. However, subgroup and regression analysis suggested that the relatively rare −A/−A genotype increases risk of AD among subjects lacking apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 and among persons ages 65 years and younger. DNA sequence and DNA-protein binding analysis demonstrated that this mutation negates binding with putative repressor transcription factor (TF), interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2), in nuclear extracts prepared from the aged human brain neocortex. However this mutation creates a potential regulatory element, C/EBPbeta, that is responsive to pro-inflammatory (PI) induction. The expression activity assay with luciferase reporter gene into normal human neural progenitor cells in primary culture shows that the mutant PSEN2 regulatory region exhibits a 1.8-fold higher level of basal expression and is sensitive to IL−1β and Aβ42, but that it is synergistically induced 3.2-fold over the wild-type PSEN2 by [IL−1β+Aβ42]. These results suggest that under Pl and oxygen stress conditions relatively minor variations in PSEN2 promoter DNA sequence structure can enhance PSEN2 gene expression and that consequently these may play a role in the induction and/or proliferation of a Pl response in AD brain.