Instrumental effects in the measurement of particle densities in extensive air showers

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Abstract
Measurement of the parameters of EAS almost always requires repeated measurements of the densities of shower particles either at a single point, as in the determination of the density spectrum, or at many points simultaneously, as in the determination of the number spectrum. The apparent densities so obtained depend on the type of detector, on the energy and nature of the particles, and on the method of calibration.Calculations and experimental evaluation of apparent densities for different types of detectors are presented, and show, for example, that a cloud chamber and proportional counter sampling the same shower give apparent densities that differ by at least a factor of two. For plastic scintillators, the response depends on the thickness and on the energy of the incident particles.

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