Proposed cation‐π mediated binding by factor Xa: a novel enzymatic mechanism for molecular recognition

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Abstract
Factor Xa (FXa) is an important serine protease in the blood coagulation cascade. Small synthetic competitive inhibitors of FXa are under development as potential anticoagulants. To better understand FXa structural features and molecular recognition mechanisms, we have constructed three dimensional models of FXa‐inhibitor complex structures via a new search approach that samples conformational space and binding space simultaneously for DABE and DX‐9065a, two bis amidinoaryl derivatives that are among the most potent and selective FXa inhibitors reported to date. We find the most probable binding modes for the two inhibitors to be a folded conformation, with one distal amidino group extending into the S1 pocket, forming a salt‐bridge with FXa Asp‐189, and the other positively charged group fitting into the S4 subsite, and stabilized by a cation‐π interaction. We propose as a hypothesis that the cavity‐like S4 subsite formed by the three π‐faces of the aromatic residues Tyr‐99, Phe‐174 and Trp‐215 is sufficiently rich in π electrons that it is not only a hydrophobic pocket, but also forms a cation recognition site. This proposed cation‐π binding mechanism is one of the first proposed for enzymatic molecular recognition, and for which experimental verification can be obtained without any complicating charge compensation mechanism. Our models provide plausible explanations of the structure‐activity relationships observed for these inhibitors, and suggest that cation‐π interactions may provide a novel mechanism for molecular recognition.