Multivariate Approaches to a Limestone Grassland Community: II. A Direct Species Ordination

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Abstract
A method approximating to the R-techniques of factor analysis and resulting in an ordination of species is described and its use illustrated by data from a limestone grassland community. The technique enabled ecological differences between species to be clarified and interpreted by reference to two parameters which correspond with the relative calcicoly and eutrophy of the species. It was concluded that the method would form a useful supplement to stand ordination[long dash]a Q-type approach. Standardization of the data would enable environmental variables to be incorporated in the analysis and to appear in the ordination. Where interest centers on species interrelationships, rather than on the description of vegetation, its use might often be more appropriate than the usual stand approach.