Abstract
Plants marked with toothpicks were observed over a period of 2 yr to determine recruitment, growth and death rates for hawkweed patches present in an abandoned pasture in southern Ontario [Canada]. All rates were affected by patch density, although the effect of density differed for seedlings and rosettes. These field data were used in a mathematical model to simulate the addition of seedlings and rosettes to a newly formed, low-density (160/m2) patch. It would apparently take at least 25 yr for a patch to reach a steady-state density of about 3300 rosettes plus seedlings per square metre.

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