Tests of Association

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Abstract
WHEN A PHYSICIAN examines a patient, he makes a series of observations. He then relates these observations to a body of existing knowledge and attempts to reason from the relationship. When an investigator attacks a problem, he employs essentially the same mental processes. He, too, makes a series of observations; relates these to each other, using a body of knowledge with which he examines the relationships; and attempts to reason from the result. In the simplest form of study a single observation is made on a single subject. Illustrative of this type of study is the performance of a white blood cell (WBC) count on a measured amount of blood of an individual. The clinician automatically compares the WBC's of his particular patient to the existing body of knowledge and makes his judgment of the significance of the count accordingly. As a profession, we have a fairly clear idea as

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