Accurate analysis of single-mode graded-index fiber directional couplers

Abstract
We present an accurate coupled-mode analysis to evaluate the coupling characteristics of identical single-mode graded-index fiber directional couplers. We also give an empirical relation for calculating the coupling length of a fiber coupler formed by fibers having profile parameterq, normalized frequencyV, and normalized separationd/a;dis the distance between the fiber centers anda, the radius of the fiber core.

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