Abstract
There are many situations in which only the modulus of a camplex wave function can be measured experimentally; examples include structure determination fram X-ray, optical and electron scattering. Methods for phase recovery in optical problems are discussed and broadly classified into two groups: those based on the analytic properties of the camplex field and those based upon constrained iterative techniques making use of a priori knowledge about the image or object width, for example. The limitations of these methods are described and the importance of prior knowledge about the abject and the field to resolve phase ambiguities is considered.

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