UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE FLAVONOIDE UND SAPONINE IN VERBASCUM–ARTEN, INSBESONDERE IN DEN BLÜTEN VONVERBASCUM PHLOMOIDES

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Abstract
The blossoms of V. phlomoides were found to contain apart from hesperidine also a flavonol–3–glycoside whose sugar components are glucose and rhamnose (verbascoside). Hesperidine and verbascoside occur in all organs of V. phlo-moides, also in the blossoms of other V. species examined. Flavones are found primarily in young tissues, near the phloem and particulary in the epidermis. During the development of the blossoms the flavonide and saponine content increases until the anthesis (2 a. m.) whilst the starch content decreases at the same time. The flavonoide content subsequently rises slightly until 8 a. m. and afterwards decreases gradually. During the entire blossoming time equally large variations in the quantity of flavonoide and saponine can occur. In all plants the variations mostly occur regularly and in the same patterns but may be of different intensity in individual plants. The days on which all plants showed an increased saponine content were nearly always preceded by a day on which the maximum temperature had dropped. A decrease in the saponine content occurred in these plants on days which were preceded by a day during which the maximum temperature had risen. The changes in the flavonoide contend during blossoming time did not show any definite relationship to weather conditions. The differences in the saponine content of individual plants of V. phlomoides are substantial. The largest flavonoid and saponine content is found in V. nigrum. The most suitable drying process consists of 1 to 2 days' open air drying followed by hot air drying at 45 to 65° C. After 3 months the saponine content drops considerably and then remains constant in air–tight containers.

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