Farnesyltransferase inhibitor (L-744,832) restores TGF-β type II receptor expression and enhances radiation sensitivity in K-ras mutant pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2

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Abstract
Activated ras is known to dysregulate TGF-β signaling by altering the expression of TGF-β type II receptor (RII). It is well documented that tumor cells harboring mutant ras are more resistant to radiation than cells with wild-type ras. In this study, we hypothesized that the use of farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI, L-744,832) may directly restore TGF-β signaling through RII expression via ras dependent or independent pathway leading to induction of radiation sensitivity. Two pancreatic cancer cell lines, BxPC-3 and MIA PaCa-2 were used in this study. FTI inhibited farnesylation of Ras protein more significantly in MIA PaCa-2 than BxPC-3 cells. In contrast, MIA PaCa-2 cells were resistant to radiation when compared to BxPC-3 cells. BxPC-3 cells were more resistant to FTI than MIA PaCa-2 cells. In combination treatment, no significant radiosensitizing effect of FTI was observed in BxPC-3 cells at 5 or 10 μM. However, in MIA PaCa-2 cells, a significant radiosensitizing effect was observed at both 5 and 10 μM concentrations (P>0.004). The TGF-β effector gene p21waf1/cip1 was elevated in combination treatment in MIA PaCa-2 but not in BxPC-3 cells. In MIA PaCa-2 cells, FTI induced TGF-β responsive promoter activity as assessed by 3TP-luciferase activity. A further induction of luciferase activity was observed in MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with radiation and FTI. Induction of TGF-β signaling by FTI was mediated through restoration of the RII expression, as demonstrated by RT–PCR analysis. In addition, re-expression of RII by FTI was associated with a decrease in DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) levels. Thus, these findings suggest that the L-744,832 treatment restores the RII expression through inhibition of DNMT1 levels causing induction of TGF-β signaling by radiation and this forms a novel molecular mechanism of radiosensitization by FTI.

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