Genomic structure and promoter activity of the testis haploid germ cell‐specific intronless genes, Tact1 and Tact2

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Abstract
The Tact1 and Tact2 genes, each of which encodes an actin‐like protein, are exclusively expressed and translated in haploid germ cells in testis. To characterize the haploid germ cell‐specific gene structure, a mouse genomic library was screened with a Tact1 cDNA as a probe, and four independent phage clones containing the Tact1 gene were isolated. Southern hybridization and sequencing analyses revealed that Tact1 and Tact2 were single copy genes contained on a common fragment in a head‐to‐head orientation, and that the distance between these genes was less than 2 kb. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of genomic DNA and cDNA demonstrated that Tact1 and Tact2 lack introns, although all known actin or actin‐related genes in mammals contain introns. Human Tact orthologues also lack introns and are located within 6.4 kb in a head‐to‐head orientation. These findings indicate that Tact1 and Tact2 or one of these genes arose by retroposition of a spliced mRNA transcribed from an actin progenitor gene prior to the divergence of rodents and primates. The Tact1 and Tact2 genes are unusual retroposons in that they have retained an open reading frame and are expressed in testicular germ cells, because almost all retroposons become pseudogenes. It was revealed that a 2kb sequence between the two genes bidirectionally controls haploid germ‐cell specific expression by analyzing transgenic mice. Comparison of the murine Tact genes with their human orthologues showed a high level of identity between the two species in the 5′‐upstream and non‐coding sequences as well as in the coding region, indicating that conserved elements in these regions may be involved in the regulation of haploid germ cell‐specific expression. The promoter region contains no TATA‐, CCAAT‐ or GC‐boxes, although there are potential cAMP response element (CRE)‐like motifs in the 5′‐upstream region and the 5′‐untranslated region in Tact1 and Tact2, respectively. Transient promoter analyses indicate that CREMτ may activate Tact1 and Tact2 expression in germ cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 65: 148–156, 2003.