Change in host rejection behavior mediated by the predatory behavior of its brood parasite

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Abstract
Passerine hosts of parasitic cuckoos usually vary in their ability to discriminate and reject cuckoo eggs. Costs of discrimination and rejection errors have been invoked to explain the maintenance of this within-population variability. Recently, enforcement of acceptance by parasites has been identified as a rejection cost in the magpie (Pica pica) and its brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius). Previous experimental work has shown that rejecter magpies suffer from increased nest predation by the great spotted cuckoo. Cuckoo predatory behavior is supposed to confer a selective advantage to the parasite because magpies experiencing a reproductive failure may provide a second opportunity for the cuckoo to parasitize a replacement clutch. This hypothesis implicitly assumes that magpies modulate their propensity to reject parasite eggs as a function of previous experience. We tested this hypothesis in a magpie population breeding in study plots varying in parasitism rate. Magpie pairs that were experimentally parasitized and had their nests depredated, after their rejection behavior had been assessed, changed their behavior from rejection to acceptance. The change in host behavior was prominent in study plots with high levels of parasitism, but not in plots with rare or no cuckoo parasitism. We discuss three possible explanations for these differences, concluding that in study plots with a high density of cuckoos, the probability for a rejecter magpie nest of being revisited and depredated by a cuckoo is high, particularly for replacement clutches, and, therefore, the cost for magpies of rejecting a cuckoo egg in a replacement clutch is increased. Moreover, in areas with high levels of host defense (low parasitism rate), the probability of parasitism and predation of rejecter-magpie nests by the cuckoo is reduced in both first and replacement clutches. Therefore, rejecter magpies in such areas should not change their rejection behavior in replacement clutches.

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