A Protein-Chameleon: Conformational Plasticity of α-Synuclein, a Disordered Protein Involved in Neurodegenerative Disorders

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Abstract
Under the physiological conditions in vitro, α-synuclein, a conservative presynaptic protein, the aggregation and fibrillation of which is assumed to be involved into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and several other neurodegenerative disorders, known as synucleinopathies, is characterized by the lack of rigid well-defined structure; i.e., it belongs to the class of intrinsically unstructured proteins. Intriguingly, α-synuclein is characterized by a remarkable conformational plasticity, adopting a series of different conformations depending on the environment. For example, this protein may either stay substantially unfolded, or adopt an amyloidogenic partially folded conformation, or fold into α-helical or β-structural species, both monomeric and oligomeric. Furthermore, it might form several morphologically different types of aggregates, including oligomers (spheres or doughnuts), amorphous aggregates, and or amyloid-like fibrils. The peculiarities of this astonishing conformational behavior are analyzed to shed light on structural plasticity of this protein-chameleon.

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