Punch indentation of polycrystalline ice

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Abstract
The flow law of polycrystalline ice is extended to a general state of stress and the second stress invariant accounts for the stress dependence. Experimental evidence supports this generalized flow law. Punch indentation experimental results are analyzed using this generalized flow law and the expansion of a hemispherical cavity at the punch tip. A finite element analysis of the punch experiments supports the use of a cavity expansion zone beneath the punch.Analytical, as well as experimental, evidence of a lack of influence of depth of penetration on the punch resistances is presented. This evidence conflicts with data presented by S. S. Vyalov and co-workers in 1973 and reasons for the conflict are presented. These findings suggest that higher bearing capacity factors are applicable at the ice surface. Key words: ice, creep, flow law, punch penetration, multiaxial stress states.

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