Male characteristics on female mud snails caused by antifouling bottom paints

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Abstract
This study continues an investigation of ananatomical abnormality, named ‘imposex’, which consists of a superimposition of male characteristics on to a functionally normal female reproductive anatomy of the dioecious snail Nassarius obsoletus Say. Imposex is prevalent in natural populations living near yacht basins and rarely found distant from them. In the current study caged snails were transferred between a yacht basin and a distant ‘clean’ locality where the natural population of snails was normal. Imposex was induced in some normal snails kept at the marina and suppressed, but not lost in abnormal snails kept at the clean locality. A similar positive result was obtained in the laboratory by exposing normal snails to organotincontaining antifouling paints and abnormal snails to clean sea water. Results were negative in parallel tests of various marina‐associated materials which did not contain organotin. The laboratory studies have thus identified a causative factor of the anatomical abnormalities common near yacht basins in the natural environment. They also provide a rare, if not unique, example of a chemical agent which causes the appearance of superfluous anatomical features in an animal.