Glutamine in the Fetus and Critically Ill Low Birth Weight Neonate: Metabolism and Mechanism of Action

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Abstract
Of all the amino acids, glutamine is the most versatile. Studies in the maternal-fetal-placental unit demonstrate that both glutamine and glutamate play an important role in fetal and placental metabolism. If an infant is born very prematurely, the supply of glutamine from the mother is suddenly interrupted. The infant is dependent on endogenous synthesis or an exogenous supply of glutamine to meet the challenges of the external environment and a tripling of body weight in the first 3–4 mo of life. Studies of glutamine supplementation in low birth weight infants and critically ill adults suggest benefits, especially in terms of decreased nosocomial infections. Two large multicenter trials are currently underway that are designed to address these potential benefits in very low birth weight infants. These trials will not explain the mechanism of action. This review raises hypotheses about the role of the amide nitrogen of glutamine for nucleotide and glucosamine synthesis in the small intestine and how this might relate to greater integrity of the intestinal mucosa, hence preventing bacterial translocation and/or the subsequent proinflammatory response that might lead to multiorgan failure.