Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 16. Sensing by Fluorescence

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Abstract
A fluorescence spectroelectrochemical sensor capable of detecting very low concentrations of metal complexes is described. The sensor is based on a novel spectroelectrochemical sensor that incorporates multiple internal reflection spectroscopy at an optically transparent electrode (OTE) coated with a selective film to enhance detection limits by preconcentrating the analyte at the OTE surface. Nafion was used as the selective cation exchange film for detecting Ru(bpy)32+, the model analyte, which fluoresces at 605 nm when excited with a 441.6-nm HeCd laser. The unoptimized linear dynamic range of the sensor for Ru(bpy)32+ is between 1 × 10-11 and 1 × 10-7 M with a calculated 2 × 10-13 M detection limit. The sensor employs extremely thin films (∼12 nm) without significantly sacrificing its sensitivity. The sensor response is demonstrated with varying film thicknesses. A state-of-the-art flow cell design allows variable cell volumes as low as ∼4 μL. Fluorescence of the sample can be controlled by electromodulation between 0.7 and 1.3 V. Sensor operation is not reversible for the chosen model film (Nafion) and sample (Ru(bpy)32+) but it can be regenerated with ethanol for multiple uses.

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