Clubfoot Analysis with Three-Dimensional Computer Modeling

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Abstract
Which way are the bones rotated in a club-foot? This question has long been debated by clubfoot surgeons. Opinions have been based on observations from surgery, radiographs, and autopsies. These methods all have pitfalls and are subject to misinterpretation. We used three-dimensional computer modeling to analyze histologic sections of a newborn clubfoot and a newborn normal foot. Relative to the bimalleolar axis in the axial plane, the normal talus demonstrated 5° of internal rotation of its body and 25° internal rotation of its neck. The clubfoot talus showed 14° of external rotation of its body and 45° of internal rotation of its neck. The calcaneus was externally rotated 5° in the normal foot and internally rotated 22° in the clubfoot.

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