Positional variations of the heart and its component chambers.

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Abstract
Congenitally abnormal hearts are often diagnosed by referring to the situs of the atria, the type of bulboventricular loop and the type of mutual relationships of the arterial trunks. Often, authors will not state the direction of the base-apex axis of the heart, or will mention it only incidentally. This method is insufficient to indicate completely the position of the heart and its component chambers. The position of the atria, ventricles and arterial trunks should be indicated both from the standpoint of lateral and anteroposterior, and, if possible, craniocaudal relationships, vis-a-vis the body of the patient. This approach could be useful in angiocardiography, echocardiography and surgery. The diagnosis of the situs of atria, with d- or l-loop without considering the base-apex, does not give enough information about the position of the atria, ventricles and arterial trunks from the standpoint of not only lateral, but also anteroposterior and craniocaudal directions.

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