Modification and Development of the Arachnid Palpal Claw, with Especial Reference to Spiders*†

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Abstract
Among the many devices of animals which aid in the transfer of sperm cells from the male to the female, three are so out of the ordinary that they have attracted a good deal of attention and are usually mentioned together. These are the hectocotylized arms of male cephalopods, the penis on the second segment of the abdomen of male dragon flies, and the highly developed palpal organs of male spiders. In the three groups the process of sperm transfer is more or less analogous. Since the animals are not related, the processes are to be considered merely as parallel developments.

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