Orientation and drifting behaviour of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in commercial tomato greenhouses

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Abstract
A novel environment lacking in directional cues may present orientation challenges to foraging bees. We examined orientation and drifting behaviour of Bombus occidentalis Greene and Bombus impatiens Cresson, the two major bumblebee pollinators of greenhouse tomatoes in British Columbia. Our objectives were to establish the extent and frequency of bee drift into foreign colonies and to examine the potential of nest entrance patterns and landmarks to reduce drift in commercial greenhouses. On average, 28% of marked bumblebees drifted into foreign hives, making up 0.3%–34.8% of the population in those colonies. Bees drifted towards the top position when hives were vertically stacked. The use of simple black and white patterns and large landmarks did not affect the number of drifting bees, suggesting that disorientation is not a major contributor to drift or to the substantial loss of adult bees from colonies during their first week in a greenhouse. Bees had decreased foraging times when landmarks were present in the greenhouse and showed a marginally but not significantly increased rate of pollen input to colonies. These studies contribute to understanding bumblebee behaviour in a novel environment and determining whether orientation cues are feasible management options to reduce drift and potential bee loss.