The Pollination Ecology of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) in the Sierra Nevada of California

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Abstract
Nectarless, rostrate flowers of P. attolens and P. groenlandica exhibited reproductive dependence on Bombus bifarius nearcticus, B. flavifrons dimidiatus and B. rufocinctus, which forage for pollen by wing vibration and pollinate facially and nototribically on the dorso-anterior area of the abdomen, respectively. Analysis of corbicular loads of pollen indicated relatively low pollinator fidelity to plant species. Nectariferous, nonrostrate flowers of P. semibarbata were pollinated nototribically exclusively by Osmia tristella foraging for nectar and pollen. Cinematographic analysis of pollinator behavior indicated close coadaptation between pollinators and floral mechanisms. A combination of phenological, ecological, mechanical and ethological factors are considered significant in the development of reproductive isolation in Pedicularis.

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