Ankle Injury

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Abstract
ANKLE injury is one of the most frequent injuries examined by the primary care physician. In the absence of fracture, he must distinguish sprains from complete ligamentous tears. At times he must request stress roentgenograms of the ankle. Ankle injuries may be classified into three broad categories: (1) mild sprain, (2) moderate to severe injuries as indicated by moderate soft-tissue swelling and pain, and (3) severe injury with gross fracture and dislocation. Fortunately, most injuries are mild sprains, and no permanent damage ensues. Severe injuries are generally referred to an orthopedic surgeon for roentgenographic examination and subsequent management and, therefore, are not a problem to the primary care physician. However, the second group of moderate injuries is of most concern. Some moderate injuries are entirely ligamentous or include a small chip fracture, indicating instability of the ankle mortise. The seriousness of these injuries is often unrecognized and inadequately treated, and

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