Dependence and Risk: Transforming the Structure of Social Exchange

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Abstract
Two forms of relations-dependence and interdependence-are the basis for two distinct types of social structure: 1) exchange relations and networks, and 2) groups. The structure of mutual dependence that underlies all social exchange relations is riskier than the structure of interdependence that underlies cooperation in groups. I argue that the risk of dependence is reduced, to varying degrees, by the way in which transactions are structured and organized over time. I discuss: 1) the form of transactions (negotiated or reciprocal) and 2) the relations between sequential transactions (independent or serially-dependent). Both negotiated transactions and serially dependent transactions reduce risk, in different ways and to varying degrees. The joint decision process of negotiated transactions changes the structure of exchange directly, by introducing elements of interdependence. Serially dependent transactions provide actors with the opportunity to change the structure, through the use of contingent action, and allow for the development of emergent aspects of exchange. Implications for research are discussed.

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