Opioid peptides activate phospholipase D and protein kinase C-epsilon in chicken embryo neuron cultures.

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Abstract
The mu-opioid peptide morphiceptin stimulated a Ca(2+)-independent protein kinase C (PKC-epsilon) that is expressed both in embryonic day 6 chicken telencephalon and in derived neuronal cultures. This activation was seen as a 2-fold increase in the activity and level of cytosolic PKC-epsilon and as a transient increase in membrane-associated PKC-epsilon following morphiceptin treatment. Morphiceptin did not activate phospholipase C-mediated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis but did transiently activate (2- to 3-fold) phospholipase D (PLD), as measured by phosphatidylethanol formation in neuron cultures derived from embryonic day 6 or day 7 cerebral hemispheres. This PLD activation could provide an alternative source of diacylglycerol for the activation of PKC-epsilon and was naloxone-reversible and at least partially blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. Addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated both PLD and PKC-epsilon activities to a greater extent than opioids. The phorbol ester and insulin stimulation of PLD was also blocked by herbimycin. Both morphiceptin (in a naloxone-reversible manner) and phorbol ester increased phosphorylation of similar cytosolic proteins in intact cells, demonstrating a functional role for the PKC-epsilon activation by opioids. This is evidence that opioid receptors are transiently coupled to tyrosine kinase, PLD and PKC-epsilon activation and, by implication, to neuronal cell growth during brain morphogenesis.