Marine Envenomations

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Abstract
DANGEROUS aquatic animals can be divided into four groups: those that bite, those that sting (envenom), those that are poisonous if eaten, and those that can deliver an electric shock. This discussion focuses on the treatment of victims of marine envenomations. Although most serious envenomations occur in the temperate or tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, North American coastal waters also provide a habitat for many dangerous stinging creatures. The toxin is delivered to the victim from venom glands attached or adjacent to spines (fangs, daggers, or darts) or from microscopic coelenterate stinging organelles called cnidae. When the identity of . . .