This is a review of therapeutic modalities that have been utilized in the treatment of stroke. Each is based upon data obtained from the study of the biologic events that occur during experimentally induced cerebral ischemia in animals. The type of information obtained from these studies could not have been obtained in any other manner. Despite the apparent effectiveness of some of these modalities in modifying stroke in animals, their application to humans with stroke has been disappointingly ineffectual. The delay between onset of stroke symptoms and initiation of treatment is usually several hours or more, which may be too late to rescue ischemia neurons. In order to be effective, treatment will have to be initiated as early as possible (preferably within 1 hour) to take advantage of the biologic window of opportunity. There is evidence that this can be accomplished by proper planning and training of personnel.