The Courtship of Musca Species Found in North America. 1. the House Fly, Musca domestica1

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Abstract
Male house flies, Musca domestica L., perform a stereotyped courtship ritual which includes the following elements : orientation, landing, wing-out, leg-up, head lapping, head touching, boxing, backing, genital orientation, genital contact, and copulation. Although the female plays a minor role in the courtship, she does control its success by either extruding or failing to extrude her ovipositor. We propose that the primary function of house fly courtship is appeasement. The wing-out and leg-up elements prevent the escape of the female and her kicking in rejection of courtship. The remaining elements communicate the purpose of the male and stimulate both sexes to mate. Homosexual activities of the males, even in the presence of females, and males courting inanimate objects, indicate a low degree of epigamic recognition. The courtship of the house fly, initially, appears to be a fixed action pattern that is released by a dark-toned object of appropriate size. However, films of unsuccessful courtships indicate that a stimulus-response chain is involved.

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