Virus Entry Is a Major Determinant of Cell Tropism of Edmonston and Wild-Type Strains of Measles Virus as Revealed by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotypes Bearing Their Envelope Proteins

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Abstract
The Edmonston strain of measles virus (MV) that utilizes the human CD46 as the cellular receptor produced cytopathic effects (CPE) in all of the primate cell lines examined. In contrast, the wild-type MV strains isolated in a marmoset B-cell line B95a (the KA and Ichinose strains) replicated and produced CPE in some but not all of the primate lymphoid cell lines. To determine the mechanism underlying this difference in cell tropism, we used a recently developed recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing as a reporter the green fluorescent protein gene in lieu of the VSV G protein gene (VSVΔG*). MV glycoproteins were efficiently incorporated into VSVΔG*, producing the VSV pseudotypes. VSVΔG* complemented with VSV G protein efficiently infected all of the cell lines tested. The VSV pseudotype bearing the Edmonston hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) protein (VSVΔG*-EdHF) infected all cell lines in which the Edmonston strain caused CPE, including the rodent cell lines to which the human CD46 gene was stably transfected. The pseudotype bearing the wild-type KA H protein and Edmonston F protein (VSVΔG*-KAHF) infected all lymphoid cell lines in which the wild-type MV strains caused CPE as efficiently as VSVΔG*-EdHF, but it did not infect any of the cell lines resistant to infection with the KA strain. The results indicate that the difference in cell tropism between these MV strains was largely determined by virus entry, in which the H proteins of respective MV strains play a decisive role.