Pathogen Reduction in Sewage Sludge by Composting and Other Biological Treatments: A Review

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Abstract
The agricultural utilization of sewage sludge imposes a high level of sanitation and stabilization of organic matter in order to maintain soil, water and air qualities and to effectively use such bioresidues as a soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants. Improper sanitation poses a serious threat to human and animal health. Stabilization and sanitation of sewage sludge have the advantage of coupling safe sewage sludge recycling in agriculture with its disposal, as many economic and environmental constraints make discharging strategies more and more difficult to apply. This article reviews the various biological methods to sanitize sewage sludge and the efficiency and efficacy of these methods in eliminating pathogens and parasites. Available monitoring techniques are also discussed. Finally, a conceptual approach is presented on the basis of epidemiological and ecological studies in order to assess the environmental and health impacts of recycling sewage sludge through land application.