Gonadotropins Induce the Release of Interleukin‐1β, Interleukin‐6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α from the Human Preovulatory Follicle

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Abstract
The effects of exogenous gonadotropin administration and steroid levels on the release of various cytokines into the human follicular fluid (FF) were studied. Forty patients were included in two groups, those undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) (n = 33) and natural cycles (n = 7). FF transvaginal aspirations were performed 36 hr after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin or a spontaneous surge of luteinizing hormone, respectively. FF cytokine measurements were performed with sensitive immunoassays. FF cytokine levels were higher after COH [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, 6.6 +/- 0.32 pg/ml; IL-6, 18.7 +/- 2.1 pg/ml; and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, 32.5 +/- 4.9 pg/ml] than in natural unstimulated cycles (0.52 +/- 0.1 pg/ml, P < 0.001; 8.9 +/- 1.2 pg/ml, P < 0.01; and 13.2 +/- 2.6 pg/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). FF estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels were not statistically different between groups, despite the higher serum E2 levels observed in patients after COH. Gonadotropins might regulate ovarian secretion of cytokines, because FF IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels after COH were higher than during natural cycles.