Enhanced Thermal Tolerance of Photosynthesis and Altered Chloroplast Ultrastructure in a Mutant of Arabidopsis Deficient in Lipid Desaturation

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Abstract
A mutant of Arabidopsis thailana, deficient in activity of the chloroplast n-6 desaturase, accumulated high levels of C16:1 and C18:1 lipids and had correspondingly reduced levels of polyunsaturated lipids. The altered lipid composition of the mutant had pronounced effects on chloroplast ultrastructure, thylakoid membrane protein and chloroplast content, electron transport rates, and the thermal stability of the photosynthetic membranes. The change in chloroplast ultrastructure was due to a 48% decrease in the amount of appressed membranes that was not compensated for by an increased amount of nonappressed membrane. This resulted in a net loss of 36% of the thylakoid membrane per chloroplast and a corresponding reduction in chlorophyll and protein content. Electrophoretic analysis of the chlorophyll-protein complexes further revealed a small decrease in the amount of light-harvesting complex. Relative levels of whole chain and protosystem II electron transport rates were also reduced in the mutant. In addition, the mutation resulted in enhanced thermal stability of photosynthetic electron transport. These observations suggest a central role of polyunsaturated lipids in determining chloroplast structure and maintaining normal photosynthetic function and demonstrate that lipid unsaturation directly affects the thermal stability of photosynthetic membranes.