Collective Focusing of an Intense Ion Beam

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Abstract
The space-charge coupling between the electrons and ions composing an intense, charge-neutralized ion beam is shown theoretically and experimentally to result in both species being brought to a common focus by a solenoidal magnetic lens. The collective focal length is the geometric mean of the focal lengths of the two species calculated independently. Upper and lower limits on the electron density allowed with the lens are derived.

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