The bonding behavior of calcite to bone

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Abstract
Plates of calcite (CaCO3) were implanted in rabbit tibiae, and their biocompatibility and bonding ability to bone were studied. The plates were also implanted subfascially in rabbit muscle for 8 weeks, and changes on their surfaces in the body were examined. Contact microradiography and Giemsa surface stain demostrated direct bonding between calcite and bone without interpositions. The average failure load of the interface between calcite and bone was 4.11 kg, indicating an adequate strength of bonding. However, a Ca‐P‐rich layer, which formed on the surfaces of other bioactive ceramics in vivo, was not detected by a scanning electron microscope‐electron probe x‐ray microanalyzer. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface of calcite implanted subfascially for 8 weeks showed marked degradation and a rough surface. However, the surface apatite layer was not detected by thin‐film x‐ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy. Calcite is a biodegradable material that bonds to bone without a surface apatite layer. The mechanical bonding provided by the anchoring effect of the newly formed bone into the surface roughness of calcite is considered to be a major factor in calcite‐bone bonding.