Biochemical characteristics, metabolism, and antitumor activity of several acetylated hexosamines

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Abstract
We have synthesized several potential inhibitors and/or modifiers of the carbohydrate portion of plasma membrane glycoconjugates. These include fluorinated and actylated analogs of D‐glucosamine, D‐galactosamine, and D‐mannosamine. These compounds have been tested to determine their effects on both [14C] glucosamine and [3H] leucine incorporation into glycoconjugate and on cell growth and viability using P‐288 murine lymphoma cells maintained in tissue culture. The most cytotoxic agent tested was 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐1,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranose or simply β‐pentaacetylglucosamine which prevented cell growth at 10−4–10−3 M. β‐Pentaacetylglucosamine cytotoxicity was correlated with its high lipid solubility, having an octanol/water partition coefficient of 0.424 as compared with 0.278 for the β‐anomer and 0.017 for N‐acetylglucosamine. In vitro metabolism studies with [14C]‐and/or [3H]‐labeled pentaacetylglucosamine have indicated intracellular de‐O‐acetylation leading to the biosynthesis of UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine, followed by the incorporation of this sugar into cellular glycoprotein. Concomitant with the formation of increased amounts of this nucleotide sugar, intracellular UTP and CTP pools fell to one third normal within 3 h after the administration of 1 mM pentaacetylglucosamine. At present it is unclear whether the cytotoxicity of β‐pentaacetylglucosamine or other similar agents is due to alterations in nucleotide and nucleotide‐sugar pools causing a decrease in energy charge and polynucleotide biosynthesis or is due to a direct effect on membrane glycoconjugate biosynthesis.